Posts

Steven Copertino

Unsettled and Cooler Conditions Dive In, Irma Becomes a Category 4 Hurricane

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Good Evening and Happy Labor Day! 

Today was a rather big improvement from the dreary and cool conditions that we experienced this weekend over much of the northeast, with mainly sunny skies and light winds throughout the day. A weak area of mid level ridging over the east provided adequate southwesterly flow, which ushered in highs ranging from the upper 70’s to middle 80’s across the area. This pleasant weather should last into the evening as a weak surface high pressure system associated with the mid level ridge begins to move off the Atlantic coast and into the West Atlantic. This will allow for winds from the south to persist into the evening, but conditions will be supportive for some radiational cooling to take place. Expect temperatures to drop into the lower 60’s to middle 50’s across the area, with locations well removed from the coast a good 5 degrees cooler.

This evenings latest high resolution GOES-16 visible satellite imagery, regional radar mosaic, and surface observations showing a rather tranquil and pleasant Labor Day (Courtney of Simuawips)

This evenings latest high resolution GOES-16 visible satellite imagery, regional radar mosaic, and surface observations showing a rather tranquil and pleasant Labor Day (Courtney of Simuawips)

Tuesday into Wednesday

Tomorrow should start off rather calm for much of the area, with partly cloudy conditions likely taking over by mid morning. A large upper level trough will be moving down from Canada and into the northern portions of the Northeast. This cold front will likely spark some showers and thunderstorms over portions of the Northeast during the afternoon hours, however this feature will likely take a while to reach the area. Otherwise, more strong south-westerly flow just ahead of the impressive trough will overspread the area. This will once again lead to warm mid level temperatures, which should be able to support highs into the middle to upper 80’s by late tomorrow afternoon. As with many high mid level temperatures/questionable cloud cover days, the areas that see more sunshine during peak heating will likely wind up a few degrees warmer than the areas that stay mostly cloudy. Precipitable water values and dewpoints will also begin to steadily increase during the day, and this will make for a more “muggy” feel to the day tomorrow with heat indices possibly reaching into the lower 90’s.

As we move later into the day, the cold front will begin to move to the east with time-likely setting off numerous showers and thunderstorms over Pennsylvania and New York. PWATS will be quite high just ahead of the front, and a very impressive upper level jetstreak will promote expansive upper level divergence, which will work to enhance convergence at the surface. Additionally, the upper level trough moving in will be quite large and powerful for this time of year, and will have some decent wind shear associated with it. When all these ingredients come together later in the day on Tuesday, very heavy rainfall will be possible with any showers or thunderstorms that develop west of the immediate NYC metro area. If a less-cloudy solution works out tomorrow, we could see instability rise over the area, which would be supportive for more strong-severe thunderstorms with strong winds, frequent lightning, small hail, and torrential downpours all possible.

These showers and thunderstorms should gradually work their way towards the NYC metro area by the mid to late evening hours tomorrow. The activity will likely be on the downswing due to a loss of daytime, so they will likely be below severe limits, even though gusty winds, frequent lightning and heavy rains will still be possible. There is a minor concern for flash flooding as the north to south orientation of the trough will allow for the showers to train over the same locations as the night goes on. The one positive thing about this scenario will be that the increased shear values will allow for the showers and storms to move rather quickly. This should limit the overall flood threat to roads and poor drainage areas.

By Wednesday morning, the cold front should be along the Mid Atlantic coast, but beginning to slow down significantly as it starts to bump into the west Atlantic ridge. The overall upper level trough will also begin to nudge up against the ridge and this should cause the associated upper level jet to expand and intensify as well. This will set the stage for a much cooler and unsettled day across the area as a Canadian airmass overspreads the area, and the lift from the impressive upper level jet provides support for showers and isolated thunderstorm development. Gusty winds will be possible with any of the stronger showers and thunderstorms, as they may be able to mix down stronger winds from high up in the atmosphere. Overall, expect temperatures to be limited to the middle 60’s across the area, which is a good deal below normal for this time of year.

There will likely be some residual rain on Thursday, with the core of the trough passing nearby. We will have more on this and this weekends conditions on Wednesday!

This afternoons NAM model showing the expansive full-latitude trough moving in and over much of the East.

This afternoons NAM model showing the expansive full-latitude trough moving in and over much of the East.

Hurricane Irma Update 

Hurricane Irma has intensified this afternoon after a Hurricane Hunter flight investigating the storm found winds up to Category 4 strength (130mph). The storm appears quite healthy on this afternoon/evenings satellite imagery , with very deep convection firing within the eyewall of the storm and upper level outflow expanding outward from the hurricane. The presence of upper level cirrus clouds has even increased in the northern half of the system, which has been lacking over the past two days due to a cutoff low pressure system imposing some northerly winds onto the system. Regardless, the system appears to be in a conducive environment for further strengthening over the next few days , characterized by low shear, very warm sea surface temperatures, and little to no dry air in the vicinity.

Irma will be moving towards the northern Leeward islands, with tropical storm conditions possibly affecting the area as early as tomorrow night. Irma will likely be a strengthening Category 4 hurricane by that time, and conditions are likely to rapidly deteriorate as it moves closer. The models have converged on the idea that the center of Irma will be over the US Virgin Islands  during the day on Wednesday, and will likely bring extremely strong sustained winds, torrential downpours, life-threatening mud slides, as well as very dangerous waves/surge. With 36 hours left until direct impacts are felt, those in this area should rush preparations to completion as soon as possible! A Hurricane Warning has been issued for most of the northern islands, with a Hurricane Watch in effect for Puerto Rico.

12z HWRF showing a very dangerous Hurricane Irma over the northern Leeward Islands (Valid 8am Wednesday)

12z HWRF showing a very dangerous Hurricane Irma over the northern Leeward Islands (Valid 8am Wednesday)

Irma will likely move to the north of Puerto Rico late Wednesday, likely bringing tropical storm, to even hurricane conditions to the island. The hurricane will likely remain an extremely dangerous storm through this time, much of the same hazards-if not all apply. Irma should begin to move away by early Thursday morning and will likely continue heading west-northwest, just north of Hispaniola. This is around the point that some models begin to diverge on the exact track of Irma, with some keeping the storm moving towards the west and into the southern Bahamas, and others showing a stronger mid level ridge over the system attempting turn the hurricane a little south of due west and into Cuba. This will have to be monitored over the next few days, due to the fact that Irma would likely weaken a good deal if it were to interact with the mountains of eastern Cuba (which would have some impact on the eventual track). Interestingly enough, the later part of the forecast seems to be much clearer than it originally was, with multiple models and their ensembles showing Irma lifting north once its near the Cuban coast by this weekend. The main question will be just how far west does the storm get before its begins to move north? With near-continuous observation by NOAA and USAF planes, special soundings, and the activation of Critical Weather Days, we will be getting a massive amount of data ingested into the models that should help with the forecast of the next week or so.

Regardless, it can be said that there is an increasing hurricane threat for portions of south Florida, and residents in that area should closely monitor the progress of Irma over the next few days and begin to review their hurricane plans. 

Category 4 Hurricane Irma over the Central Atlantic this evening as seen by GOES 16.

Category 4 Hurricane Irma over the Central Atlantic this evening as seen by GOES 16.

We will have more on Hurricane Irma on Wednesday!

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Have a great evening!

Steve Copertino

 

Steven Copertino

Severe Thunderstorms and Heavy Rain Inbound, Eclipse Details for Monday!

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Good Evening! 

As promised earlier in the week, today was looking like it was going to be the most active day in the forecast period, and it certainly did not disappoint! The large upper level trough and associated surface low pressure system located over the Great Lakes region pushed a warm front through most of the New York metro area and Northeastern states early this morning, which brought very heavy rainfall, lightning, and locally gusty winds. While the rain was quite heavy in some locations, widespread flooding was not an issue, and any flooding was confined to street and small stream activity. As this warm front moved through the region, it ushered in a very moist and unstable airmass characterized by 3000-4000j/kg^2 of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and very, very moist precipitable water values-above two inches in some locations. The main question was whether or not the low level jet associated with the sprawling low pressure system would be strong enough to wipe out some of the cloud cover of the region and allow for further destabilization and dynamics to take over, but as we saw early this afternoon, the sun did in fact make an appearence over eastern portions of the Northeast. As the sun heated the soaked grounds from this mornings storms, this created and even more unstable and moist airmass for any future storms to work with.

Later in the afternoon-around 4pm or so, discrete thunderstorms began to form over portions of Pennsylvania and the northern Mid Atlantic states in response to moderate to strong mid level forcing interacting with the very unstable environment present. Rapid growth into supercell structures occured in the strongest of storms, which went on to produce severe hail, damaging winds, and very heavy rains which caused flash flooding. Eventually the large scale forcing took over a good portion of the unstable warm sector and this led to the development of numerous showers and thunderstorms, which congealed into a more linear line of storms. As of 5pm, this line was located over portions of Pennsylvania and Maryland. While the line has lost some strength in the past hours, there are a few areas of stronger activity that are currently severe warned for damaging winds and potentially severe hail. With wind shear being in the moderate 25-45 knot range and cloud levels being quite low, these embedded stronger cells may pose a brief tornado threat as they head east into New Jersey within the next few hours.

This afternoons NAM model showing very high PWATS in addition to strong mid level winds, perfect for the development of heavy rain across the area this evening.

Otherwise, this line looks to propagate east at a gradual pace, with the main threats outside of the severe activity being torrential rainfall which can produce flash flooding within a matter of minutes. This threat has been exacerbated due to this mornings storms leaving behind very moist soil which may have trouble if rain rates do reach the 1-3″ range. As these storms head east this evening, they will begin to encounter a much more stable airmass from the Atlantic ocean, which should gradually shut down any strong to severe thunderstorm activity that may remain close to sunset. The heavy rain threat will still exist until these storms and the accompanying cold front push out past the region and into the open waters of the Atlantic.

For the severe risk this evening, the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, OK has issued a severe thunderstorm watch for the majority of the Northeast and Mid Atlantic States. The main threats include strong wind gusts up to 70 mph, locally severe hail up to ping-pong ball size, torrential rains, and frequent lightning.

In addition, the National Weather Service in co-ordinance with the Weather Predictions Center in Camp Springs Maryland has issued a Flash Flood Watch for rainfall rates of around 1-3″/hr possibly producing small stream and urban flooding. Rainfall totals may be in the 3-6″ range where the heaviest storms track over this evening.

This evenings latest high resolution Goes 16 visible Satellite imagery, regional radar mosaic, surface observations, and severe warning from the NWS (Courtesy of Simuawips.com)

This evenings latest high resolution Goes 16 visible Satellite imagery, regional radar mosaic, surface observations, and severe warning from the NWS (Courtesy of Simuawips.com)

Saturday and Sunday 

Conditions look to gradually improve beginning tomorrow morning as an are of high pressure begins to build off to our north and west. This will allow for decreasing cloud cover, warmer temperatures, and light and variable winds throughout much of the day. Expect highs to generally be in the mid to upper 80’s, with lows dropping down into the low to middle 60’s overnight. Conditions will likely be quite the same on Sunday as well, as the area of high pressure begins to move overtop the region. Conditions this weekend should be rather favorable for any outdoor activities, but we may have to keep an eye on the beaches as there may be at least a moderate risk for rip-currents and strong wave action along the coasts.

Mondays Eclipse Weather 

With the models coming into their more-reliable range as of this afternoon, things still look quite favorable for the viewing of the partial eclipse on Monday afternoon. The area of high pressure that will be approaching the region this weekend looks to be just offshore of the NJ coast by mid-Monday afternoon, which should allow for onshore flow to overspread the area. This will create a rather stable airmass, with few prospects for cloud development.  To look at it another way if you do not trust a few models, the European ensembles, which consists of 50 different model runs and one control run, show less than ten-percent cloud cover for NYC during the event-which is near perfect! All in all, conditions look excellent on Monday for experiencing quite a rare event, but remember to do so safely with the special eclipse glasses that can be found online and at local stores.

ECMWF Ensembles showing a blend of 51 models with less than a 10% chance of cloud-cover for the eclipse on Monday!

ECMWF Ensembles showing a blend of 51 models with less than a 10% chance of cloud-cover for the eclipse on Monday!

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Have a great evening!

Steve Copertino

 

Steven Copertino

Heavy Rain Threat Friday, Monday’s Eclipse Conditions Coming Into View!

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Good Evening! 

Today was another warm and relatively clear day across the entire northeast, but we did see higher dew points begin to creep in which allowed for a “muggier” feel to the day during the peak of the afternoon. With a northwesterly flow in place in the mid levels of the atmosphere, more dry air from Canada allowed for mostly sunny conditions across the region, with come occasional cumulus clouds rising up and eventually collapsing due to any kind of support. As the day progressed, an area of  surface high pressure off to our north and west also helped to keep conditions relatively calm, with light northwesterly winds lasting the entirety of the afternoon. With light winds, dry mid levels, and predominately sunny skies, temperatures were able to gradually rise into the mid to upper 80’s across the area, with cooler temperatures located over portions of interior Connecticut and New York.

Conditions remain quite pleasant this evening as much of the metro area is sandwiched in between two stalled fronts, with the northern front holding back cooler temps and lower dew points, and the southern front holding back oppressive dew points and warmer temperatures. Regardless, as the sun begins to set, the area should be able to cool down quite a bit thanks to a hefty amount of radiational cooling likely to take place due to the aforementioned high pressure, light winds, dry mid levels, and clear skies. This should allow low temperatures to bottom out into the upper 50’s to lower 60’s-with some of the more interior locations possibly dropping into the lower 50’s by early tomorrow morning.

This evenings latest high resolution visible satellite imagery from the GOES 16 satellite, regional radar mosaic, surface observations, and frontal positions from the Weather Prediction Center (courtesy of Simuawips)

This evenings latest high resolution visible satellite imagery from the GOES 16 satellite, regional radar mosaic, surface observations, and frontal positions from the Weather Prediction Center (courtesy of Simuawips)

Thursday and Friday 

Tomorrow morning should start off much like how today did, with relatively clear skies and cool temperatures to begin with. The main difference will be that the area of high pressure will begin to retreat and move off the coast, which will lead to more winds coming from the Atlantic, which will lead to increasing dew points as temperatures begin to rise. While we will have prevalent onshore winds to deal with during the day, a mid level ridge axis will be moving over the area, which should allow temperatures to rise into the low to middle 80’s area-wide-with some cooler conditions possible along the immediate coasts. As the mid level ridge pushes up and over our area early tomorrow afternoon, a shortwave trough will be moving over the Great Lakes region, which will drape a warm front over portions of Pennsylvania and the Mid Atlantic states.

As this front continues to advance east, it will bring an increasing chance of showers and possibly a few thunderstorms over the Northeast. Conditions will likely stay more tame back towards the metro area as the onshore flow keeps the atmosphere relatively stable, so only a gradual increase in mid to high level clouds is expected through the mid to late afternoon hours. Later in the evening, the threat of showers and an isolated thunderstorm will be increasing as the front draws closer and moisture convergence gradually increases. Expect lows to be much more mild Thursday night due to increased cloud cover and the threat for showers-with temps likely staying in the upper 60’s to lower 70’s.

Friday looks to be the most unsettled day in the forecast period as the area of low pressure associated with the large trough over the Great Lakes continues to move to the north and east. This will allow for the warm front to completely overspread the region by early Friday morning, likely bringing a period of locally heavy rainfall with it as it marches north and east. At this time it appears that the heaviest rain may fall over portions of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, C/S New York, and Connecticut, but this could easily change if thunderstorm development becomes more prominent during the morning hours further to the south of the NYC area. Otherwise, Friday will likely feature at least a moderate chance of showers and an isolated thunderstorm up until the later portion of the afternoon, when a renewed threat for heavy showers and thunderstorms may redevelop over Pennsylvania and warm air advection surges north over the Northeast. It seems that the overall severe threat on Friday will be quite low due to the increased cloud cover, but if some patches of sun do develop, then stronger destabilization of the atmosphere may take place, which could lead to more widespread/strong storm development. The primary threat will be heavy rains on Friday, which should last into the evenings hours and possibly even into the early morning on Saturday. Overall, confidence in flash flooding is low at this time, but with deep tropical moisture nearby and forcing from the warm front present, it would not take that much to chance for heavy showers and storms to develop and drop torrential rainfall within a short period of time. Details will likely need to be fine-tuned over the next 48 hours, so be sure to check back for the latest.

This afternoons European model, showing very high precipitable water values surging in behind a warm front progged to move through the area Friday AM with a chance at some locally torrential rainfall.

This afternoons European model, showing very high precipitable water values surging in behind a warm front progged to move through the area Friday AM with a chance at some locally torrential rainfall.

Saturday and Beyond 

Most of the area should still be within the residual warm sector on Saturday morning, but with the best jet dynamics and lift displaced off to the west, the threat for heavy rain will begin to gradually fall. The shortwave trough should continue to move east during the day, with conditions likely improving as the day goes on. Highs will likely be able to reach into the low to middle 80’s ahead of a cold front tracking east from the Ohio Valley. This front should usher in much drier air and bring in some cooler temperatures as well, as it mixes out the atmosphere.

Sunday will likely be much-improved from the previous two days as high pressure begins to build over the area. This should allow for clear skies, light winds, and generally pleasant conditions across the region, with highs likely reaching into the low to middle 80’s across the area-which is right around normal for this time of year. Conditions will be ripe for radiational cooling on Sunday evening, so expect low temperatures to drop down into the lower 60’s with relatively low dewpoints.

Monday will be the day that will have the most focus on the weather, not for any severe weather or tropical cyclones, but for the partial solar eclipse that will take place during the afternoon hours. While we are not in the path of totality, most of the area will still be able to experience a rather cool and rare occurrence. However, the big question right now looks to be if there will be any cloud cover. As of right now, the conditions look to be quite favorable for safely viewing the partial eclipse, with mid level ridging overhead and surface high pressure just offshore-providing light onshore winds over much of the metro. This is however five days away, and predicting cloud cover for a three-hour window is rather difficult, but we can say that signs are encouraging at this time for a pleasant viewing experience! Be sure to check back over the next few days for updates!

The European 51 member ensembles showing cloud cover percentage. Monday the 21st is highlighted, with little cloud cover expected from a vast majority of the ensembles! (Courtesy of WxBell)

The European 51 member ensembles showing cloud cover percentage. Monday the 21st is highlighted, with little cloud cover expected from a vast majority of the ensembles! (Courtesy of WxBell)

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Have a great evening!

Steve Copertino

Steven Copertino

Dual Rain Threats This Week, Tropical Storm Gert Intensifying Off the East Coast

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Good Evening! 

Today started off decently clear and warm over much of the area, but as the day progressed onward, the elongated area of high pressure just to our south began to move offshore. As it did so, this allowed low level moisture and cloudiness to begin to filter over the region, but still allowed conditions to remain slightly below-average, with highs locked in the upper 70’s to lower 80’s. As of this evening, cloudiness has begun to increase in earnest across the area in response to an impulse of mid level energy working its way north and east along mid level trough. In addition to cloudy skies, this impulse of energy has also sparked some showers over the northern portions of the Mid-Atlantic, with sections of Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey all reporting light to moderate showers moving across that area this evening. This area of showers should continue to head east-northeast over the next few hours, but may have trouble making too much northern progress as there is some residual mid level dry air over portions of northern NJ and Long Island. This mid level dry air has also been noted on this evenings radar, as numerous areas of virga (rain not able to reach the ground due to dry conditions) popped up and quickly dissipated soon after.  Overall, conditions should remain cloudy with a chance of a light shower the further south you go, but with increasing moisture, light southerly winds, and increasing clouds at all levels-radiational cooling will be very hard to come except for locations in northern Pennsylvania as well as central New York. This will keep low temperatures in the mild range of the upper 60’s to lower 70’s, with temperatures around 5 degrees cooler to the north and west.

This evenings latest high resolution GEOS 16 visible satellite imagery, regional radar mosaic, surface observations, and WPC frontal locations.

This evenings latest high resolution GEOS 16 visible satellite imagery, regional radar mosaic, surface observations, and WPC frontal locations.

Tuesday Through Friday 

Tuesday morning will likely start off with numerous clouds and possible showers over the region, and another shortwave trough begins to move just to the southwest of the area, bringing another new batch of mid level instability and moisture. At this time, it appears that the best chance for steady rain will be tomorrow morning, likely over the southern portions of the New York Metro area, with locally heavy areas of rainfall possible. As the day progresses, the steadiest rain should begin to head east and off the Mid Atlantic coast. This will likely give way to improving conditions by the mid afternoon hours, with some clearing possible the further away from the coast that you area. With the mid level still feeding moisture in from the south and east, any clearing will likely allow for some instability to build up. Though we will have some instability and weak wind shear to work with tomorrow over the interior, the models indicate an area of sinking air associated with a dissipating mid level system to our north. This should greatly reduce the potential for thunderstorm coverage, but in general isolated shower and thunderstorm development is likely across portions of New York and Pennsylvania tomorrow afternoon and into the evening hours. With the lack of severe parameters coming together, the overall threat for severe weather should be quite low tomorrow, but some stronger storms could produce gusty winds, very heavy rainfall, and even small hail.

As we get closer to New York City, cloud cover and much more stable/sinking air over the region should generally limit and thunderstorm development through the evening hours, and any storms that track close to the area should be on the weakening trend and will likely die-off. With winds coming off of the Atlantic, tomorrow evening will likely be another mild and somewhat-muggy one as lows will likely stay in the low 70’s to upper 60’s across much of the area.

Wednesday should be a much more pleasant day across the Northeast, as dry air behind the mid level disturbance begins to overspread the area, knocking out much of the cloud cover during the early morning hours of the day. Mid to upper level ridging will allow for temperatures on Wednesday afternoon to get quite warm, with highs likely reaching up into the upper 80’s and into the lower 90’s across the region. Few clouds are expected through the evening hours, as a backdoor coldfront pushes from north to south across our area, working to lower dewpoints region-wide.

Thursday looks to be relatively nice for the majority of the day, as the backdoor coldfront halts its progress around the Mid Atlantic region, keep the area warm, but less humid during the day. With dry northwesterly flow established, conditions should be mostly clear across the area. This looks to change later in the evening, as a large mid level system over the Great Lakes looks to approach the Northeast after sunset and into Friday. This system will be accompanied by a strong cold front, which could be responsible for shower and thunderstorm development late Thursday and into Friday, but at this time, it does not appear that this system will carry much of a severe weather threat as well as a flooding threat. This will likely have to be reassessed later in the week, so check back for updates!

This afternoons NAM model showing the progression of Tropical Storm Gert off the east coast, as well as a mid level system over the central part of the county, which may work to bring showers and thunderstorms over our area later this week,

This afternoons NAM model showing the progression of Tropical Storm Gert off the east coast, as well as a mid level system over the central part of the county, which may work to bring showers and thunderstorms over our area later this week

Tropical Storm Gert Nearing Hurricane Intensity 

As of 5pm this evening, Tropical Storm Gert was located roughly 450 miles to the west-southwest of Bermuda, and moving north at around 8 miles per hour. Gert has taken advantage of a relatively favorable environment today characterized by low vertical wind shear, very warm sea surface temperatures, moist air, and slow storm motion. This allowed the storm to develop intense thunderstorms near the core of the system, which in turn began a period of intensification to just below hurricane status-at 70 mph. Recent visible satellite images from the GOES-16 satellite showed that the cloud tops of Gert were warming a little, maybe indicating a brief halt in the intensification process, but with the storm located over very warm water and under a favorable environment, it appears quite likely that Gert will become a hurricane within the next 12-18 hours.

Gert will continue to track to the north as it rounds the western edge of the Bermuda high tomorrow, likely continuing to strengthen as it does so. Gert will likely begin to accelerate and take on more of an easterly component later tomorrow, as a shortwave trough moves over the Northeast. As the storm begins to interact with the shortwave trough over the northern Atlantic ocean, it will likely begin its extra-tropical transition by late Wednesday. Thereafter, the storm is likely to remain a powerful extra-tropical system, which may eventually threaten portions of Europe further down the line. Impacts for the east coast will be limited to increased wave swells and a high risk of rip currents. The main risk from Gert will be help by any maritime craft venturing off the east coast this week.  Elsewhere in the Atlantic, there is an area of disturbed weather located in the far eastern Atlantic which may try to gradually develop into a tropical cyclone over the next few days as it heads generally WNW at 15mph.

GOES-16 visible satellite imagery of Tropical Storm Gert off of the southeastern coast of the US this evening (Courtesy of simuawips.com)

GOES-16 visible satellite imagery of Tropical Storm Gert off of the southeastern coast of the US this evening (Courtesy of simuawips.com)

For more information and posts like this one, make sure you sign up for Premium Forecasts — where multiple detailed articles, videos, and interactives are posted each day. Also, come interact with our staff and many other weather enthusiasts at 33andrain.com!

Have a great evening!

Steve Copertino